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passenger fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — current ride availability","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Waymo lists Nashville as serving riders","stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"}]},{"id":"orlando","name":"Orlando","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":28.5383,"longitude":-81.3792,"jurisdiction":"State and local operating framework","stage":4,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Defined Orlando service area; availability varies by release.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by market","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Waymo passenger fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — current ride availability","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Waymo lists Orlando as serving riders","stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"}]},{"id":"phoenix","name":"Phoenix","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":33.45,"longitude":-112.07,"jurisdiction":"Arizona state framework / Phoenix operating area","stage":5,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Phoenix metropolitan service area, including airport access.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by market","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Jaguar I-PACE","lastVerified":"2026-09-18","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/waymo-one-phoenix/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — Phoenix service information","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2020-10-08","title":"Fully driverless ride-hailing opened to the public","stageBefore":3,"stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-to-the-general-public-in-phoenix"}]},{"id":"san-antonio","name":"San Antonio","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":29.4241,"longitude":-98.4936,"jurisdiction":"State and local operating framework","stage":4,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Defined San Antonio service area; availability varies by release.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by market","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Waymo passenger fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — current ride availability","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Waymo lists San Antonio as serving riders","stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"}]},{"id":"san-diego","name":"San Diego","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":32.7157,"longitude":-117.1611,"jurisdiction":"State and local operating framework","stage":4,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Defined San Diego service area; availability varies by release.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by market","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Waymo passenger fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — current ride availability","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Waymo lists San Diego as serving riders","stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"}]},{"id":"san-francisco","name":"San Francisco","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":37.77,"longitude":-122.42,"jurisdiction":"California CPUC / DMV","stage":5,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"San Francisco and parts of the Bay Area; operating domain varies by service release.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by city","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure; no reliable city split","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Jaguar I-PACE; Zeekr platform entering fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-18","sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/internet-and-phone/autonomous-vehicle-programs","sourceLabel":"California Public Utilities Commission — Autonomous Vehicle Programs","sourceQuality":"Primary regulator","lensImpact":"Lens monitoring","milestones":[{"date":"2023-10-24","title":"California suspended Cruise driverless permits","stageBefore":5,"stageAfter":5,"sourceUrl":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llcs-suspension/"},{"date":"2023-08-10","title":"Commercial operating authority expanded","stageBefore":4,"stageAfter":5,"sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-permits-for-cruise-and-waymo-to-charge-fares-for-passenger-service-in-san-francisco"},{"date":"2022-06-02","title":"CPUC authorised paid driverless passenger service","stageBefore":3,"stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-issues-first-driverless-autonomous-vehicle-passenger-service-deployment-permit"}]},{"id":"singapore","name":"Singapore","country":"Singapore","region":"Asia-Pacific","latitude":1.35,"longitude":103.82,"jurisdiction":"Land Transport Authority / CETRAN","stage":1,"operators":["WeRide","MooVita","multiple shuttle operators"],"safetyDriver":"Required","publicAccess":"Testing only","paidService":false,"serviceArea":"Designated pilot routes and controlled operating domains.","activeFleet":"Unknown","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Unknown","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Autonomous shuttles and passenger vehicles","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html","sourceLabel":"Autonomous vehicles programme","sourceQuality":"Primary regulator","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Singapore stage aligned to verified trial evidence","stageBefore":3,"stageAfter":1,"sourceUrl":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html"},{"date":"2026-09-18","title":"Singapore selected as Waymo’s next international market","sourceUrl":"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/waymo-bring-autonomous-ride-hailing-singapore-2028-2026-09-18/"}]},{"id":"tampa","name":"Tampa","country":"United States","region":"North America","latitude":27.9506,"longitude":-82.4572,"jurisdiction":"State and local operating framework","stage":4,"operators":["Waymo"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Defined Tampa service area; availability varies by release.","activeFleet":"Not disclosed by market","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"Included in Waymo network disclosure","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Waymo passenger fleet","lastVerified":"2026-09-20","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/","sourceLabel":"Waymo — current ride availability","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"No Lens change","milestones":[{"date":"2026-09-20","title":"Waymo lists Tampa as serving riders","stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"}]},{"id":"wuhan","name":"Wuhan","country":"China","region":"China","latitude":30.59,"longitude":114.31,"jurisdiction":"Wuhan Intelligent Connected Vehicle Pilot Zone","stage":5,"operators":["Baidu Apollo Go"],"safetyDriver":"Not required","publicAccess":"Public","paidService":true,"serviceArea":"Large designated operating area across Wuhan; exact ODD varies.","activeFleet":"Operator disclosures indicate operation at large fleet scale; no current city fleet total verified","estimatedFleet":null,"weeklyRides":"899,000 rides in Q2 2024 across Apollo Go; current Wuhan-only split unknown","weeklyMiles":"Unknown","vehicleTypes":"Apollo RT6 and earlier Apollo Go vehicles","lastVerified":"2026-09-18","sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-announces-second-quarter-2024-results","sourceLabel":"Baidu Q2 2024 results — Apollo Go operating disclosure","sourceQuality":"Operator disclosure","lensImpact":"Lens monitoring","milestones":[{"date":"2024-06-30","title":"Operation reached evidence of material fleet and ride scale","stageBefore":4,"stageAfter":5,"sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-announces-second-quarter-2024-results"},{"date":"2022-08-08","title":"Fully driverless commercial service began in designated areas","stageBefore":3,"stageAfter":4,"sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-wins-chinas-first-ever-permits-provide-fully-driverless"}]}],"developments":[{"id":"event-singapore-evidence-correction","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Singapore","operator":"WeRide / MooVita / multiple shuttle operators","category":"Deployment","headline":"Singapore stage aligned to verified trial evidence","summary":"The official evidence supports regulated testing, but not a current public passenger pilot. Singapore is therefore classified as Stage 1 pending stronger evidence.","why":"Prevents a regulatory framework from being mistaken for live passenger availability.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 1","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html"},{"id":"event-tampa-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Tampa","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Tampa as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Tampa under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-san-diego-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"San Diego","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists San Diego as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists San Diego under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-san-antonio-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"San Antonio","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists San Antonio as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists San Antonio under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-orlando-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Orlando","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Orlando as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Orlando under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-nashville-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Nashville","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Nashville as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Nashville under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-miami-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Miami","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Miami as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Miami under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-las-vegas-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Las Vegas","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Las Vegas as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Las Vegas under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-houston-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Houston","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Houston as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Houston under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-denver-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Denver","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Denver as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Denver under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-dallas-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Dallas","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Dallas as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Dallas under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-atlanta-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Atlanta","operator":"Waymo / Uber","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Atlanta as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Atlanta under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"event-austin-service-verified","date":"2026-09-20","location":"Austin","operator":"Waymo / Uber","category":"Deployment","headline":"Waymo lists Austin as serving riders","summary":"Waymo's current service directory lists Austin under “Serving Riders In”.","why":"Confirms a live paid public service while retaining uncertainty about market-specific fleet and ride volumes.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"development-singapore-2028","date":"2026-09-18","location":"Singapore","operator":"WeRide / MooVita / multiple shuttle operators","category":"Deployment","headline":"Singapore selected as Waymo’s next international market","summary":"Waymo announced mapping and supervised testing ahead of a planned 2028 public service, subject to LTA approval and safety assessment.","why":"It adds a tightly regulated Asian market to the international deployment pipeline, but remains preparation rather than commercial operation.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/waymo-bring-autonomous-ride-hailing-singapore-2028-2026-09-18/"},{"id":"milestone-dubai-2","date":"2026-08-20","location":"Dubai","operator":"Baidu Apollo Go / WeRide / Pony.ai","category":"Deployment","headline":"Fully driverless paid Apollo Go service launched through Uber","summary":"Fully driverless paid Apollo Go service launched through Uber","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/uber-launches-baidus-fully-driverless-apollo-go-dubai-2026-08-20/"},{"id":"development-uk-act","date":"2026-06-01","location":"London","operator":"Waymo / Wayve / Uber partners","category":"Regulation","headline":"UK deployment pathway moves from legislation towards implementation","summary":"The Automated Vehicles Act provides the legal architecture; supervised programmes and authorisation detail determine when real passenger exposure begins.","why":"For UK insurers, implementation detail is more material than launch announcements because it determines responsibility, data and claims handling.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"Exposure-unit commentary updated","sourceUrl":"https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/connected-and-automated-mobility"},{"id":"event-london-supervised-testing","date":"2026-05-22","location":"London","operator":"Waymo / Wayve / Uber partners","category":"Deployment","headline":"Supervised Waymo testing confirmed on London roads","summary":"Waymo testing was reported without passengers and with a trained specialist in the vehicle.","why":"This is the evidence supporting London Stage 1; legislation alone does not establish an operating stage.","mapImpact":"Stage 0 → Stage 1","lensImpact":"Lens monitoring","sourceUrl":"https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/questions-mayor/find-an-answer/autonomous-passenger-vehicles-london"},{"id":"milestone-abu-dhabi-2","date":"2025-11-26","location":"Abu Dhabi","operator":"WeRide / TXAI / Uber","category":"Deployment","headline":"Fully driverless paid robotaxi service launched through Uber","summary":"Fully driverless paid robotaxi service launched through Uber","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uber-weride-launch-driverless-robotaxis-abu-dhabi-2025-11-26/"},{"id":"milestone-dubai-1","date":"2025-03-14","location":"Dubai","operator":"Baidu Apollo Go / WeRide / Pony.ai","category":"Deployment","headline":"Autonomous taxi partnerships and trial programme announced","summary":"Autonomous taxi partnerships and trial programme announced","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 0 → Stage 1","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/march/14-03/rta-signs-agreements-with-baidu-and-weride"},{"id":"milestone-abu-dhabi-1","date":"2024-12-06","location":"Abu Dhabi","operator":"WeRide / TXAI / Uber","category":"Deployment","headline":"Public autonomous ride-hailing service launched via Uber with a safety operator","summary":"Public autonomous ride-hailing service launched via Uber with a safety operator","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 2 → Stage 3","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-and-weride-launch-autonomous-vehicles-in-abu-dhabi/"},{"id":"milestone-wuhan-2","date":"2024-06-30","location":"Wuhan","operator":"Baidu Apollo Go","category":"Deployment","headline":"Operation reached evidence of material fleet and ride scale","summary":"Operation reached evidence of material fleet and ride scale","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 4 → Stage 5","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-announces-second-quarter-2024-results"},{"id":"milestone-london-1","date":"2024-05-20","location":"London","operator":"Waymo / Wayve / Uber partners","category":"Deployment","headline":"Automated Vehicles Act received Royal Assent","summary":"Automated Vehicles Act received Royal Assent","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/self-driving-vehicles-set-to-be-on-roads-by-2026-as-automated-vehicles-act-becomes-law"},{"id":"milestone-los-angeles-1","date":"2024-03-01","location":"Los Angeles","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"CPUC approved expansion of commercial passenger service area","summary":"CPUC approved expansion of commercial passenger service area","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-waymos-expansion-of-passenger-service"},{"id":"event-cruise-suspension-2023","date":"2023-10-24","location":"San Francisco","operator":"Waymo","category":"Safety","headline":"California suspended Cruise driverless permits","summary":"The DMV suspended Cruise deployment and driverless testing permits. Waymo remained the approved active operator represented in the current state.","why":"Negative regulatory events belong in the same chronology as launches and expansions.","mapImpact":"No stage change","lensImpact":"Lens monitoring","sourceUrl":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llcs-suspension/"},{"id":"milestone-san-francisco-2","date":"2023-08-10","location":"San Francisco","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Commercial operating authority expanded","summary":"Commercial operating authority expanded","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 4 → Stage 5","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-permits-for-cruise-and-waymo-to-charge-fares-for-passenger-service-in-san-francisco"},{"id":"milestone-beijing-1","date":"2023-03-17","location":"Beijing","operator":"Baidu Apollo Go / Pony.ai","category":"Deployment","headline":"Permit granted for fully driverless commercial robotaxi service","summary":"Permit granted for fully driverless commercial robotaxi service","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-apollo-go-receives-beijings-first-ever-permit-commercial"},{"id":"milestone-wuhan-1","date":"2022-08-08","location":"Wuhan","operator":"Baidu Apollo Go","category":"Deployment","headline":"Fully driverless commercial service began in designated areas","summary":"Fully driverless commercial service began in designated areas","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-wins-chinas-first-ever-permits-provide-fully-driverless"},{"id":"milestone-san-francisco-1","date":"2022-06-02","location":"San Francisco","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"CPUC authorised paid driverless passenger service","summary":"CPUC authorised paid driverless passenger service","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-issues-first-driverless-autonomous-vehicle-passenger-service-deployment-permit"},{"id":"milestone-phoenix-1","date":"2020-10-08","location":"Phoenix","operator":"Waymo","category":"Deployment","headline":"Fully driverless ride-hailing opened to the public","summary":"Fully driverless ride-hailing opened to the public","why":"Changes the verified deployment maturity for this location.","mapImpact":"Stage 3 → Stage 4","lensImpact":"No material change","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-to-the-general-public-in-phoenix"}],"evidence":[{"id":"mobility-source-rvmqxc","title":"Autonomous passenger vehicles in London","organisation":"London Assembly","type":"Government","published":"2026-05-22","geography":"London","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Public record confirming supervised Waymo testing on London roads.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Government","url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/questions-mayor/find-an-answer/autonomous-passenger-vehicles-london"},{"id":"mobility-source-zadbnd","title":"Autonomous vehicles programme","organisation":"Singapore Land Transport Authority","type":"Primary regulator","published":"2025-01-01","geography":"Singapore","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Official framework for AV trials and safety assessment; it does not evidence a general public passenger service.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Primary regulator","url":"https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html"},{"id":"mobility-source-unjc32","title":"Baidu Q2 2024 results — Apollo Go operating disclosure","organisation":"Baidu","type":"Operator disclosure","published":"2024-08-22","geography":"China / network","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Quarterly ride disclosure across Apollo Go markets; not a Wuhan-only measure.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-announces-second-quarter-2024-results"},{"id":"mobility-source-d7jc2u","title":"DMV statement on Cruise suspension","organisation":"California Department of Motor Vehicles","type":"Primary regulator","published":"2023-10-24","geography":"California","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"California DMV suspended Cruise deployment and driverless testing permits.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Primary regulator","url":"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-statement-on-cruise-llcs-suspension/"},{"id":"mobility-source-1kz915k","title":"Singapore selected as Waymo’s next international market","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Development evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Singapore","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Waymo announced mapping and supervised testing ahead of a planned 2028 public service, subject to LTA approval and safety assessment.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/waymo-bring-autonomous-ride-hailing-singapore-2028-2026-09-18/"},{"id":"mobility-source-1331ez8","title":"UK deployment pathway moves from legislation towards implementation","organisation":"Multiple","type":"Development evidence","published":"2026-06-01","geography":"Great Britain","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"The Automated Vehicles Act provides the legal architecture; supervised programmes and authorisation detail determine when real passenger exposure begins.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/connected-and-automated-mobility"},{"id":"mobility-source-nyxmoo","title":"Waymo operating scale disclosure","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Operator disclosure","published":"2025-04-14","geography":"United States network","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Network-wide operating scale; not a city-level measure.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/waymo-in-japan/"},{"id":"mobility-source-2wmkif","title":"Waymo — current ride availability","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Operator disclosure","published":"2026-09-20","geography":"Tampa","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current Tampa tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-20","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/rides/"},{"id":"mobility-source-wovwx3","title":"Automated Vehicles Act received Royal Assent","organisation":"gov.uk","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"London","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Automated Vehicles Act received Royal Assent","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Government","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/self-driving-vehicles-set-to-be-on-roads-by-2026-as-automated-vehicles-act-becomes-law"},{"id":"mobility-source-1igw59i","title":"Autonomous taxi partnerships and trial programme announced","organisation":"mediaoffice.ae","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Dubai","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Autonomous taxi partnerships and trial programme announced","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/march/14-03/rta-signs-agreements-with-baidu-and-weride"},{"id":"mobility-source-gzqwmi","title":"CPUC approved expansion of commercial passenger service area","organisation":"cpuc.ca.gov","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Los Angeles","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"CPUC approved expansion of commercial passenger service area","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-waymos-expansion-of-passenger-service"},{"id":"mobility-source-teda6q","title":"CPUC authorised paid driverless passenger service","organisation":"cpuc.ca.gov","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"San Francisco","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"CPUC authorised paid driverless passenger service","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Primary regulator","url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-issues-first-driverless-autonomous-vehicle-passenger-service-deployment-permit"},{"id":"mobility-source-1mh63tz","title":"California Public Utilities Commission — Autonomous Vehicle Programs","organisation":"California Public Utilities Commission","type":"Primary regulator","published":"2026-01-01","geography":"San Francisco","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current San Francisco tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Primary regulator","url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/internet-and-phone/autonomous-vehicle-programs"},{"id":"mobility-source-s9p4j","title":"Commercial operating authority expanded","organisation":"cpuc.ca.gov","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"San Francisco","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Commercial operating authority expanded","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Primary regulator","url":"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-approves-permits-for-cruise-and-waymo-to-charge-fares-for-passenger-service-in-san-francisco"},{"id":"mobility-source-43vwpk","title":"Fully driverless commercial service began in designated areas","organisation":"ir.baidu.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Wuhan","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Fully driverless commercial service began in designated areas","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-wins-chinas-first-ever-permits-provide-fully-driverless"},{"id":"mobility-source-1217yer","title":"Fully driverless paid Apollo Go service launched through Uber","organisation":"reuters.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-08-20","geography":"Dubai","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Fully driverless paid Apollo Go service launched through Uber","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/uber-launches-baidus-fully-driverless-apollo-go-dubai-2026-08-20/"},{"id":"mobility-source-r17ova","title":"Fully driverless paid robotaxi service launched through Uber","organisation":"reuters.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2025-11-26","geography":"Abu Dhabi","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Fully driverless paid robotaxi service launched through Uber","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uber-weride-launch-driverless-robotaxis-abu-dhabi-2025-11-26/"},{"id":"mobility-source-1af0gcz","title":"Fully driverless ride-hailing opened to the public","organisation":"waymo.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Phoenix","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Fully driverless ride-hailing opened to the public","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-to-the-general-public-in-phoenix"},{"id":"mobility-source-w56xw6","title":"Permit granted for fully driverless commercial robotaxi service","organisation":"ir.baidu.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Beijing","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Permit granted for fully driverless commercial robotaxi service","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-apollo-go-receives-beijings-first-ever-permit-commercial"},{"id":"mobility-source-yvhbb5","title":"Public autonomous ride-hailing service launched via Uber with a safety operator","organisation":"uber.com","type":"Event evidence","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Abu Dhabi","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Public autonomous ride-hailing service launched via Uber with a safety operator","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-and-weride-launch-autonomous-vehicles-in-abu-dhabi/"},{"id":"mobility-source-xlojc8","title":"UK Government — Automated Vehicles Act 2024","organisation":"UK Government","type":"Government","published":"2024-05-20","geography":"London","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current London tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Government","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/automated-vehicles-act-2024"},{"id":"mobility-source-5ezsal","title":"Waymo safety impact data","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Operator technical publication","published":"2025-01-01","geography":"United States","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Exposure and collision comparisons from Waymo; valuable evidence that still requires attention to operating-domain and comparator selection.","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/safety/impact/"},{"id":"mobility-source-8yx8kx","title":"Waymo — Los Angeles service information","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Operator disclosure","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Los Angeles","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current Los Angeles tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/waymo-one-los-angeles/"},{"id":"mobility-source-1yk6kku","title":"Waymo — Phoenix service information","organisation":"Waymo","type":"Operator disclosure","published":"2026-09-18","geography":"Phoenix","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current Phoenix tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-18","quality":"Operator disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/waymo-one-phoenix/"},{"id":"mobility-source-ttj95z","title":"Reuters — Tokyo launch target","organisation":"Reuters","type":"Credible media","published":"2026-09-15","geography":"Tokyo","operator":"Multiple","question":"Deployment / evidence","summary":"Primary evidence for the current Tokyo tracker state.","accessed":"2026-09-15","quality":"Credible media","url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/waymo-japanese-partners-target-driverless-taxi-service-tokyo-2027-2026-09-15/"}],"changes":[{"id":"publication-v1-3-canonical-ledger","date":"2026-09-20","place":"Global tracker","detail":"Map, timeline, developments, evidence and headline metrics moved to one approved event ledger. Coverage expanded to 21 visible locations and the full chronology is now shown.","map":"Singapore corrected to Stage 1; 12 additional verified US services added","lens":"No Lens conclusion changed","type":"Data architecture"},{"id":"publication-5","date":"2026-09-18","place":"Global tracker","detail":"Initial evidence-led Autonomous Mobility tracker published with nine verified markets.","map":"Initial classification published","lens":"Eight-question baseline published","type":"Map change"},{"id":"publication-4","date":"2026-09-18","place":"Singapore","detail":"Waymo mapping and supervised-test plan added as a candidate future deployment.","map":"No stage change","lens":"No material change","type":"Evidence update"},{"id":"publication-3","date":"2026-09-18","place":"Global tracker","detail":"Timeline, freshness dates and disclosed-scale indicators changed to derive from approved records and cited evidence.","map":"No stage change","lens":"No material change","type":"Evidence update"},{"id":"publication-2","date":"2026-09-18","place":"Abu Dhabi","detail":"Commercial status reconciled to the verified removal of the safety operator.","map":"Stage changed from 3 → 4","lens":"No material change","type":"Map change"},{"id":"publication-1","date":"2026-09-18","place":"Dubai","detail":"Commercial status reconciled to the verified fully driverless paid launch.","map":"Stage changed from 3 → 4","lens":"No material change","type":"Map change"},{"id":"publication-6","date":"2026-09-03","place":"Great Britain","detail":"Implementation pathway added following the Automated Vehicles Act framework and supervised testing evidence.","map":"London Stage 1 baseline classified","lens":"Exposure-unit commentary updated","type":"Lens change"}],"scaleMetrics":[{"value":"500k+","label":"Waymo trips / week","scope":"Operator network · not city-specific","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/waymo-in-japan/","sourceDate":"2025-04-14"},{"value":"300m+ km","label":"Waymo public-road distance","scope":"Cumulative network disclosure","sourceUrl":"https://waymo.com/waymo-in-japan/","sourceDate":"2025-04-14"},{"value":"899k","label":"Apollo Go rides · Q2 2024","scope":"All markets · not Wuhan-only","sourceUrl":"https://ir.baidu.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baidu-announces-second-quarter-2024-results","sourceDate":"2024-06-30"}],"assessments":[{"id":"frequency","number":"01","title":"Frequency","question":"How could this affect claim frequency?","assessment":"A credible reduction in human-error collisions is emerging in constrained operating domains, but it cannot yet be generalised to the whole motor book.","evidence":"Scaled services now produce meaningful driverless mileage, while the evidence remains concentrated in selected geographies, road types and weather conditions.","direction":"Decreasing","confidence":"Medium","confidenceReason":"Observed mileage is growing, but selection of operating domains and operator-reported comparisons limit transferability.","changeTrigger":"Independent, exposure-matched loss experience across several cities and adverse conditions.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"severity","number":"02","title":"Severity","question":"How could this affect claim severity?","assessment":"Lower collision frequency may be partly offset by expensive sensors, specialist repair, downtime and a larger product-liability component.","evidence":"AV fleets concentrate high-value hardware and software in intensively utilised vehicles; credible insurer-level severity experience remains limited.","direction":"Mixed","confidence":"Medium","confidenceReason":"The repair-cost mechanism is clear, but mature claims distributions are not public.","changeTrigger":"Credible repair invoices, total-loss rates and injury-severity distributions by autonomous mode.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"exposure","number":"03","title":"Exposure basis","question":"Is the exposure unit we currently use still appropriate?","assessment":"Vehicle-years alone will become progressively less informative. Risk must distinguish human and autonomous miles, operating domain, utilisation and software state.","evidence":"The same vehicle can move between modes and operating domains with materially different risk controls and responsible entities.","direction":"Increasing","confidence":"High","confidenceReason":"The exposure mismatch follows directly from mixed-mode operation and is visible before full claims credibility emerges.","changeTrigger":"Standardised, auditable reporting of autonomous miles and system state at policy and incident level.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"accumulation","number":"04","title":"Tail and accumulation risk","question":"How could this reduce or increase large and accumulated catastrophe losses?","assessment":"Individual crash risk may fall while correlated technology failures create a new accumulation channel across many vehicles at once.","evidence":"Common software, mapping, cloud, GNSS, sensor and OTA dependencies can bypass the geographic diversification assumed in conventional motor portfolios.","direction":"Mixed","confidence":"Medium","confidenceReason":"The dependency structure is observable; the insured loss distribution is not.","changeTrigger":"A fleet-wide operational incident, systemic recall or insured loss event with common technological cause.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"price","number":"05","title":"Price response and selection","question":"How price sensitive is the market to these changes?","assessment":"Retail customers may expect lower prices for safer automation before insurers can isolate the genuine autonomous exposure benefit.","evidence":"Consumer pricing remains attached to the vehicle and user while risk ownership is shifting towards fleets, operators and manufacturers.","direction":"Uncertain","confidence":"Low","confidenceReason":"There is not yet a mature, contestable personal-lines market for fully driverless exposure.","changeTrigger":"Published purchasing behaviour, tender data or price-elasticity evidence for autonomous mobility cover.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"capital","number":"06","title":"Capital vulnerability","question":"Could naive insurance capital get burnt in the short to medium term?","assessment":"Yes. Capital can overprice headline safety gains and underprice repair severity, liability ambiguity, sparse data and systemic correlation.","evidence":"Fast deployment creates pressure to price ahead of credible claims experience, precisely when technology and responsibility are changing together.","direction":"Increasing","confidence":"High","confidenceReason":"The mechanism is consistent with prior new-risk cycles even though ultimate loss ratios are not yet observable.","changeTrigger":"Stable multi-year loss costs, clearer liability allocation and proven reinsurance treatment.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"consumer","number":"07","title":"Consumer expectation","question":"Do consumers want and expect change?","assessment":"Usage growth in live markets shows real demand, but acceptance remains sensitive to safety events, availability, trust and price.","evidence":"Paid ride volumes have scaled materially in live US and Chinese markets, while access elsewhere remains pilot or testing only.","direction":"Increasing","confidence":"Medium","confidenceReason":"Behaviour is observable in operating markets but is not automatically transferable to the UK.","changeTrigger":"Sustained repeat usage, willingness-to-pay evidence and post-incident retention across diverse markets.","revised":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"duty","number":"08","title":"Duty to act","question":"Knowing this and doing nothing, does it remain consistent with Consumer Duty?","assessment":"Firms should at least identify foreseeable product, pricing and claims-process harms. The required action depends on the exposure actually written.","evidence":"Mixed-mode vehicles and shifting liability can create unclear cover, poor claims journeys or prices that no longer reflect the service delivered.","direction":"Increasing","confidence":"Medium","confidenceReason":"The duty is established; the specific response depends on product design and evidence of foreseeable harm.","changeTrigger":"Meaningful UK customer exposure, unclear policy wording or evidence that current journeys produce poor outcomes.","revised":"2026-09-03"}],"autonomousSnapshot":{"version":"1.3"},"stageDefinitions":[[0,"Announced / mapping","Preparation is public, but there is no meaningful autonomous public-road operation."],[1,"Supervised testing","Public-road testing is permitted with a safety driver or trained operator."],[2,"Driverless testing","Driverless operation is permitted in defined conditions, without a general public passenger service."],[3,"Driverless passenger pilot","Public passengers can participate, but access remains restricted, pilot or non-commercial."],[4,"Commercial driverless service","Paying passengers can use a service without a safety driver in the defined operating area."],[5,"Commercial operation at scale","Commercial operation has reached meaningful fleet, ride, mileage or geographic scale."]],"_provenance":{"basis":"Previously published application data; migrated without re-certifying the evidence","migratedAt":"2026-09-22T13:08:09.452Z","sourceCodeCommit":"206eef3c06dcb1c6725080c1acbf1882cc959921","legacyRawInputsRetained":false}}}